![]() ![]() However, existing organoid models are limited in the extent hPSCs recapitulate human brain development and hence are not able to fully elucidate the diseases affecting various components of the brain such as brainstem. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) recapitulate the course of human brain development and are expected to be useful for medical research on central nervous system disorders. It is critical in controlling heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration, all of which are life-sustaining functions, and therefore, damages to or disorders of the brainstem can be lethal. The brainstem is a posterior region of the brain, composed of three parts, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. 15Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.14Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.13Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.12Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.11Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.10Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.9Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan.8Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.7Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan. ![]() 6Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.5Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.4Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.3Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.2Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.1Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.Sakaguchi 2 Riko Nagata 2 Tomoya Komeda 2 Naritaka Morikawa 2 Fumika Kitayoshi 2 Miyong Jong 2 Shinko Kobashigawa 2 Mari Nakanishi 2 Masatoshi Hasegawa 6 Yasuhiko Saito 7 Takashi Shiromizu 8 Yuhei Nishimura 8 Takahiko Kasai 9 Maiko Takeda 9 Hiroshi Kobayashi 10 Yusuke Inagaki 11 Yasuhito Tanaka 11 Manabu Makinodan 12 Toshifumi Kishimoto 12 Hiroki Kuniyasu 13 Shushi Nagamori 5 Alysson R. Matsui 1,2† Joachim Luginbühl 3† Masaya Matsubayashi 2 Hitoki Nanaura 1,2 Tomo Shiota 1 Kaoru Kinugawa 1 Naohiko Iguchi 1 Takao Kiriyama 1 Canbin Zheng 4 Tsukasa Kouno 3 Yan Jun Lan 3 Pornparn Kongpracha 5 Pattama Wiriyasermkul 5 Yoshihiko M. ![]()
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